Motions to Reopen Asylum Cases Reviewable by Appellate Court

Kucana v. Holder (U.S. Supreme Court 2010)

In this case, the U.S. Supreme Court settled a split among the appellate circuits as to whether a motion to reopen an asylum petition is reviewable by an appellate court.  The Court determined that because there is no statutory basis which bars appellate courts from reviewing motions to reopen asylum petitions, such courts may fulfill their traditional functions of reviewing such claims.

The case arose because the respondent had filed an asylum claim that had been denied because of his failure to attend the hearing.  Several years later, he filed a motion to reopen his asylum claim on account of the change in conditions in his home country.  He claimed that he was entitled to a new hearing because the conditions in his country had gotten worse.  He asserted that he had new evidence to support his asylum claim.  The immigration judge denied his motion.  The BIA also denied review.  The respondent appealed to the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals, which found that it had been stripped of jurisdiction for review of asylum cases by the enactment of §1252(a)(2) of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA), which amended the Immigration and Nationality Act, the primary statutory body relating to most immigration laws.

Deferred Judgment with Suspended Fine Not Considered Conviction for Purposes of Removal

Retuta v. Holder (9th Cir. 2010)

In this case, the 9th Circuit addressed the question of whether the definition of a “conviction” in accordance with 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(48) includes a judgment that withholds an adjudication of guilt and that only imposes a suspended fine.  The case arose because DHS placed Retuta, an immigrant from the Philippines, in removal proceedings on account of multiple criminal convictions, two of which were for possession and use of a controlled substance.  During the proceedings, the government failed to prove with sufficient evidence that he had other convictions aside from the controlled substance convictions.  Therefore, the controlled substance convictions were the only bases for removal.

Person Who Suffered Mistreatment for Opposing Government Corruption Eligible for Asylum

Baghdasaryan v. Holder (9th Cir. 2010)

The respondent in this case, Baghdasaryan, was a citizen of Armenia.  He filed for asylum in the United States because of persecution he suffered on account of his political opinion.  In sustaining his case, the 9th Circuit found that opposition to government corruption is a type of political opinion which may form a basis for a grant of asylum.

In his native country, Baghdasaryan operated a small business which sold and distributed audio tapes.  He began to rent retail space from a person who was a general in the Armenian military, as well as a powerful political figure in Baghdasaryan’s town.  The retail space was part of a marketplace comprised of many other small merchants who sold various items.  Baghdasaryan paid his monthly rent, obtained the necessary permits to operate his business, and remitted all the taxes on his sales.

USCIS Grants TPS Benefits to Haitians

Due to the civil and economic strife caused by last week’s earthquake in Haiti, USCIS will offer Temporary Protected Status (“TPS”) to Haitians who are currently in the United States.  TPS is a humanitarian action which will permit Haitians who otherwise do not have any status or legal authority to remain in the U.S. for period of at least 18 months (which may be extended).  It can also be a basis for suspending removal proceedings.  Most importantly, it will allow affected Haitians to apply for work authorization.  It is NOT an avenue for permanent residence, however, as TPS will terminate once the period of economic strife ends.  USCIS estimates that over 100,000 Haitians will benefit from TPS.

There is a deadline for applying for TPS, so if you think you qualify, you must act quickly.

Other steps USCIS is considering in order to assist Haitians include: 

  • Implement procedures to adjudicate favorably, where possible, applications for change or extension of nonimmigrant status following the expiration of an applicant’s period of admission;
  • Grant an additional period of parole or advance parole in appropriate cases;
  • Authorize “F” nonimmigrant students’ requests for off-campus employment work authorization;
  • Expedite the processing of advance parole (AP) application and relative petitions for minor children from affected areas; and
  • Grant employment authorization where appropriate.

Notice of Immigration Hearing Must Be Served on Counsel of Record.

Hamazaspyan v. Holder (9th Cir. 2010)

The 9th Circuit ruled that in order for service of a notice of a hearing to be effective, it must be served on a respondent’s attorney of record if such attorney has made a notice of appearance.

The case arose when DHS detained Hamazaspyan after he attempted to enter the U.S. with a counterfeit entry visa.  DHS placed him in detention and removal hearings, and personally served him with a “notice to appear.”  This document orders a person to appear at a certain date, time and place in immigration court for removal proceedings.  The immigration court also served him with a “notice to appear” for the master calendar hearing for his removal case.  The notice complied with all regulatory requirement in that it advised Hamazaspyan of his right to an attorney, the consequences of failing to appear at the scheduled hearing (i.e., removal in absentia), and Hamazaspyan’s duty to provide the immigration court with his correct mailing address.

Stepchild Qualifies As Relative for Purposes of Cancellation of Removal

Matter of Portillo-Gutierrez (BIA 2009)

The Board of Immigration Appeals ruled that a stepchild meets the definition of a child for purposes of qualifying for cancellation of removal.  This should come as a relief to many persons who are now in the country unlawfully, because cancellation of removal is one of the few avenues for legalization available to them.  It is difficult to qualify for, and nearly impossible to have granted because of the high standards which must be met.  It is truly the remedy of last resort because the only time a person may petition for it is during removal proceedings.  Because it is oftentimes the only form of relief available to such a person, cancellation of removal is still one of the most common petitions in immigration court.

An Immigration Judge May Release Petitioner from Having to Wear a GPS Ankle Device

Matter of Garcia-Garcia (B.I.A.)

In this case, the BIA affirmed that an immigration judge has the authority to change the release from custody status of a person in removal proceedings.  Since last year, ICE has been quietly enrolling persons in removal proceedings in its Intensive Supervision Appearance Program (“ISAP”).  Basically, the program is a way for ICE to better monitor people who are not in its custody but who are in the process of being deported.  Program participants are required to wear a GPS device on their ankle.   This way, ICE can keep track at times the movement of the person.  If the person does not succeed in obtaining relief from removal, ICE can perform a quick apprehension without the need to search for him or her.  Participation in ISAP is of course mandatory if ICE decides to enroll you, because the alternative ICE offers is full on detention.  Given this choice, it is no surprise that most people elect to wear the GPS anklet.

U.S. Will Lift Travel Ban Against HIV Positive People

HIV infection is the only medical condition explicitly listed in the immigration regulations as a basis for inadmissibility in the U.S.  That will end soon because President Obama said today that the U.S. plans to overturn a 22-year-old travel and immigration ban against people with HIV.  In the beginning of January 2010, the ban will be lifted and HIV positive people will finally be able to visit the U.S. or lawfully immigrate here.

More Local Law Enforcement Offices Involved with Immigration Enforcement

ICE announced today that it has standardized the 287(g) Memorandum of Agreements (“MOA”) it has with various state law enforcement offices around the country.  The 287(g) Agreements permit local law enforcement officials to help with immigration enforcement efforts.  In a nutshell, local police catch undocumented aliens for ICE.  Before 287(g) Agreements first came into being about ten years ago, local law enforcement officials were not in the immigration business.   It was a “catch and release” situation because state or municipal law enforcement officers had no authority or jurisdiction to deal with undocumented aliens.  Even if the police had in their custody a person who they knew to be undocumented, that person would nevertheless be set free if there were no criminal charges pending against him.  The creation of 287(b) Agreements changed all that.  Now, police officers or deputy sheriffs may detain a person who is suspected of being an undocumented alien until that person is cleared or picked up by ICE.   This type of cooperation has been successful, as ICE revealed that it has removed over 24,000 aliens through this program.  I tend to think that ICE is being conservative in its numbers because in my experience, the majority of undocumented aliens who are in ICE custody were not picked by ICE officials, but by local law enforcement during a routine traffic stop.   

Naturalization Applicants May Have Their Case Decided by Federal Court

Bustamante v. Napolitano (2nd Cir. 2009)

Applying for naturalization is one of the last steps an immigrant to the United States may take before he completes his journey of becoming a U.S. citizen.  After he becomes a naturalized U.S. citizen, he is free from the jurisdiction of USCIS.  No more applying for green card extensions every few years.  No more reporting to USCIS every time he moves to a different address.  No more worrying about losing his green card if he stays out of the country for too long. 

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